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The first four are known as higher criticism; the fifth, lower criticism; and, together, external criticism.
In 18th century Biblical criticism, the term " higher criticism " was commonly used in mainstream scholarship in contrast with " lower criticism ".
In the 21st century, historical criticism is the more commonly used term for higher criticism, while textual criticism is more common than the loose expression " lower criticism ".
Being specialized in lower criticism does not mean that he wouldn't write books and articles of higher criticism . talk ) 23 : 17, 29 October 2015 ( UTC)
The phrase " lower criticism " is used to describe the contrast between textual criticism and " higher criticism ", which is the endeavor to establish the authorship, date, and place of composition of the original text.